Idayi zesulfide luhlobo lwedayi enesulfure enesakhiwo esintsonkothileyo semolekyuli.Ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe ngezinye iiamines ezinevumba elimnandi, ii-aminophenols kunye nezinye iikhompawundi eziphilayo ezifudunyezwe ngesulfure okanye i-sodium polysulfide, oko kukuthi, ivulcanized.
Idayi ze-sulfide azinyibiliki kakhulu emanzini, kwaye xa zidaywa, kufuneka zinyibilikiswe kwi-sodium sulfide okanye kwisisombululo se-alkaline yomshuwalense we-inshurensi ukunciphisa ukuvuza, kwaye emva koko i-oxidized ukubonisa umbala emva kokufunxa ifayibha.
Isishwankathelo seedayi zesulfure
Idayi evulcanized yenziwe ukudaya i-cellulose fiber okokuqala ukusukela ngo-1873, kwaye inkqubo yayo yokuvelisa ilula, yenziwe ngokubanzi ngeeamines ezinevumba elimnandi okanye iikhompawundi zephenolic ezixutywe nesulfure okanye i-sodium polysulfide kwaye ishushu.Iindleko eziphantsi, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, akukho lawulo lomhlaza, ngokuhlamba okulungileyo nokukhawuleza kwelanga, yidayi ethandwayo.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba iklasi yeedayi ezinganyibilikiyo emanzini, xa idayi iyancitshiswa ibe yityuwa enyibilikayo yelamuni yesodium kwisisombululo sealkali sulfide, emva kokudaya ifayibha yabantu, emva kokuba i-oxidation ibe yimeko enganyibilikiyo egxininiswe kwifayibha, ngoko ke inkqubo yokudaya entsonkothileyo, kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezomeleleyo zealkaline ayinakusetyenziselwa uboya, isilika kunye nezinye iintsinga zeprotheni.
Ke ngoko, iidayi ezivuthwe zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekudayeni iifiber zeselulosi, ngakumbi ekudayini kweemveliso ezimnyama zamalaphu ekotoni, apho imibala emibini yedayi yeSulfida luhlobo lwedayi enesulfure enesakhiwo esintsonkothileyo semolekyuli.Ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe ngezinye iiamines ezinevumba elimnandi, ii-aminophenols kunye nezinye iikhompawundi eziphilayo ezifudunyezwe ngesulfure okanye i-sodium polysulfide, oko kukuthi, ivulcanized.
Idayi ze-sulfide azinyibiliki kakhulu emanzini, kwaye xa zidaywa, kufuneka zinyibilikiswe kwi-sodium sulfide okanye kwisisombululo se-alkaline yomshuwalense we-inshurensi ukunciphisa ukuvuza, kwaye emva koko i-oxidized ukubonisa umbala emva kokufunxa ifayibha.
Isishwankathelo seedayi zesulfure
Idayi evulcanized yenziwe ukudaya i-cellulose fiber okokuqala ukusukela ngo-1873, kwaye inkqubo yokuvelisa ilula, yenziwa ngokubanzi ngee-amines ezinuka kamnandi okanye iikhompawundi ze-phenolic ezixutywe nesalfure okanye i-sodium polysulfide kwaye ishushu.Ixabiso eliphantsi, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, akukho lawulo lomhlaza, kunye nokukhawuleza kokuhlamba okulungileyo kunye nokukhawuleza kwelanga, idayi ethandwayo.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba iklasi yeedayi ezinganyibilikiyo emanzini, xa idayi, ziyancitshiswa zibe yityuwa enyibilikayo yelamuni yesodium kwisisombululo sealkali sulfide, emva kokudaya ifayibha yabantu, emva kokuba i-oxidation ibe yimeko enganyibilikiyo egxininiswe kwifayibha, ngoko ke inkqubo yokudaya ezintsonkothileyo, kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezomeleleyo zealkaline ayinakusetyenziselwa uboya, isilika kunye nezinye iifiber zeprotheyini.
Ke ngoko, idayi evulcanized isetyenziswa kakhulu ekudayeni imicu yeselulosi, ngakumbi ekudayini kweemveliso ezimnyama zamalaphu ekotoni, apho imibala emininziisulfure emnyamakwayeisulfure blue
isulfure emnyama emnyama gd isulfure idayi emdaka
umbala obomvu sulphur obomvu lgf
sulphur brown 10 umbala otyheli omdaka
sulphur emthubi 2 umgubo omthubi
sulfur bordeaux 3b sulfur umgubo obomvu
zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu.
Okwesibini, indlela yokudaya iidayi zesulfide
Idayi ye-sulfide iyancitshiswa kwaye inyibilikiswe kwisisombululo sedayi, kwaye idayi ye-leucochroma eyenziwe ibhengezwa ngemicu ye-cellulose kwaye iphathwe nge-oxidation yomoya ukwenza imicu ye-cellulose ibonise umbala ofunekayo.I-chemical reaction formula yayo
DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3
Umzali wedayi ye-sulfide akanalo uxhulumano lwefiber, kwaye isakhiwo sayo siqulethe iibhondi zesulfure (1 S 1), iibhondi ze-disulfide (1 s - S) okanye iibhondi ze-polysulfide (1 Sx 1), ezincitshiswe kwiqela le-hydrogen sulfide (1 SNa) phantsi kwesenzo sokunciphisa i-sodium sulfide, kwaye ibe yityuwa yesodium ye-leucochromic enyibilikayo emanzini.Isizathu sokuba ii-leucochromes zibe nobudlelwane obuhle kwiintsinga ze-cellulose kukuba iimolekyuli zedayi zinkulu, ezithi zona zivelise amandla amakhulu e-van der Waals kunye ne-hydrogen edibanisa amandla phakathi kwemicu.
Iii.Ukuhlelwa kweedayi zesulfure
Idayi zesulfide zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezine:
1, idayi ye-sulfide engumgubo
Idayi isakhiwo ifomula jikelele: DSSD, ngokubanzi kufuneka ukusebenzisa sodium sulfide abilayo, inyibilike emva isicelo.
2, iidayi ze-hydrolytic sulfide
Ubume bedayi ifomula ngokubanzi: D-SSO3Na, olu hlobo lwedayi lwenziwe nge-sodium sulfite okanye i-sodium bisulfite unyango lwedayi ye-sulfide yesintu, idayi inamaqela anyibilikayo emanzini, anyibilika emanzini, kodwa idayi ayiqulathanga zixhobo zokunciphisa, akukho budlelwane. kwiintsinga, indlela yokudaya yephedi yokuxhoma esetyenziswa kwilaphu.
3, idayi ye-sulfide elulwelo
Ifomula eqhelekileyo yesakhiwo sedayi yile: D-SNa, equkethe inani elithile le-agent yokunciphisa, idayi iyancipha ngaphambili kwi-leptochroma e-soluble.
Ngaphambi kowe-1936, idayi evulnisiweyo yayikwimo yomgubo njengemo yorhwebo.Xa isetyenziswa, umgubo wedayi ovulziweyo wawufudunyezwa ukuze ubiliswe ngesisombululo esinamanzi sesoda evuzayo ukuyinyibilikisa.Ngo-1936, uJohn Le Clester wase-United States wenza idayi yesulfide encitshisiweyo ngaphambili encitshisiweyo, kwaye yafumana ipatent, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yidayi ye-liquid sulfide.
4, idayi yesulfide ehambelana nokusingqongileyo
Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, ihlanjululwe kwiintambo zedayi, kodwa umxholo wesulfure kunye nomxholo we-polysulfide uphantsi kakhulu kuneedayi ze-sulfide eziqhelekileyo.Idayi inobunyulu obuphezulu, isidanga sokunciphisa esizinzileyo kunye nokungena kakuhle.Ngelo xesha, i-agent yokunciphisa i-binary ye-glucose kunye ne-inshurensi ye-inshurensi isetyenziselwa ukuhlamba idayi, engakwazi ukunciphisa kuphela idayi ye-sulfide kodwa idlala indima ekukhuselweni kwendalo.
Okwesine, inkqubo yokudaywa kwedayi yesulfide
Inkqubo yokudaya ivulcanization inokohlulwa ibe ngamanyathelo amane alandelayo:
1. Ukuncitshiswa kwedayi
Kulula ukunciphisa kunye nokunyibilikisa idayi ze-sulfide, kwaye i-sodium sulfide isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njenge-agent yokunciphisa, esebenza njenge-agent ye-alkali.Ukuze kuthintelwe i-leucophore ekubeni i-hydrolyzed, izinto ezifana nesoda ash zinokudibaniswa ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa i-alkaline yokunciphisa ibhafu ayinakomelela kakhulu, ngaphandle koko izinga lokunciphisa idayi liya kucotha.
2, idayi kwisisombululo sedayi ibhengezwa yifiber
I-leucophore yedayi ye-sulfide ikhona kwi-anion state kwisisombululo sedayi, ineepropathi ezithe ngqo kwifiber ye-cellulose, inokubhengezwa kumphezulu wefiber kwaye isasazwe ngaphakathi kwifiber yangaphakathi.Ipropati ethe ngqo yeedayi zesulfure kwimicu ye-cellulose iphantsi, ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa umlinganiselo omncinci wokuhlambela, ngelixa ukongeza i-electrolyte efanelekileyo, kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunokuphucula izinga lokudaya, ukulinganisa kunye nokungena.
3, unyango nge-oxidation
Emva kokudaya kwifiber, idayi yesulfure i-leuco kufuneka ifakwe i-oxidized ukubonisa umbala ofunekayo.I-oxidation linyathelo elibalulekileyo emva kokudaywa kweedayi ezivuthwe yivulcanized.Idayi ye-oxidized vulcanized ngokulula inokuthi ifakwe i-oxidized emoyeni emva kokudaya ngokuhlamba kunye nokukhupha umoya, oko kukuthi, indlela ye-air oxidation;Kwezinye iidayi ze-sulfide ezingelula ukuzikhupha, ii-oxidizing agents zisetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza i-oxidation.
4. Emva kokulungiswa
Unyango lwasemva lubandakanya ukucoca, i-oiling, i-anti-embrittlement kunye nokulungiswa kombala.Idayi zesulfure kufuneka zihlanjwe ngokupheleleyo emva kokudaya ukunciphisa isulfure eshiyekileyo kwilaphu kwaye kuthintelwe ukuqhekeka kwelaphu, kuba isulfure kwidayi kunye nesalfa kwi-alkali sulfide kulula ukuyikhupha emoyeni ukwenza iasidi yesulfuric, eya kubangela iasidi. i-hydrolysis ye-fiber cellulose kunye nokunciphisa amandla e-fiber brittleness.Ngoko ke, inokuphathwa nge-anti-brittleness loss agents, njenge: urea, i-trisodium phosphate, i-bone glue, i-acetate ye-sodium, njl. Ukuze kuphuculwe i-solarization kunye ne-soaping fastness ye-dayi e-vulcanized, umbala unokulungiswa emva kokudaya.Kukho iindlela ezimbini zonyango lokulungiswa kombala: unyango lwetyuwa yensimbi (njenge: potassium dichromate, i-copper sulfate, i-acetate yobhedu kunye nomxube wale tyuwa) kunye nonyango lwe-agent ye-cationic.
emnyama kunye neblue vulcanized zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu.
Okwesibini, indlela yokudaya iidayi zesulfide
Idayi ye-sulfide iyancitshiswa kwaye inyibilikiswe kwisisombululo sedayi, kwaye idayi ye-leucochroma eyenziwe ibhengezwa ngemicu ye-cellulose kwaye iphathwe nge-oxidation yomoya ukwenza imicu ye-cellulose ibonise umbala ofunekayo.I-chemical reaction formula yayo
DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3
Umzali wedayi ye-sulfide akanalo uxhulumano lwefiber, kwaye isakhiwo sayo siqulethe iibhondi zesulfure (1 S 1), iibhondi ze-disulfide (1 s - S) okanye iibhondi ze-polysulfide (1 Sx 1), ezincitshiswe kwiqela le-hydrogen sulfide (1 SNa) phantsi kwesenzo sokunciphisa i-sodium sulfide, kwaye ibe yityuwa yesodium ye-leucochromic enyibilikayo emanzini.Isizathu sokuba ii-leucochromes zibe nobudlelwane obuhle kwiintsinga ze-cellulose kukuba iimolekyuli zedayi zinkulu, ezithi zona zivelise amandla amakhulu e-van der Waals kunye ne-hydrogen edibanisa amandla phakathi kwemicu.
Iii.Ukuhlelwa kweedayi zesulfure
Idayi zesulfide zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezine:
1, idayi ye-sulfide engumgubo
Idayi isakhiwo ifomula jikelele: DSSD, ngokubanzi kufuneka ukusebenzisa sodium sulfide abilayo, inyibilike emva isicelo.
2, iidayi ze-hydrolytic sulfide
Ulwakhiwo lwedayi ifomula jikelele: D-SSO3Na, olu hlobo idayi yenziwe sodium sulfite okanye sodium bisulfite unyango iidayi zemveli sulfide, idayi ziqulathe amaqela amanzi-enyibilikayo, ngoko ke ukunyibilika emanzini, kodwa idayi ayiqulathanga arhente zokunciphisa, akukho affinity. iintsinga, indlela yokudaya yokuxhoma esetyenziswa kwilaphu.3, idayi yolwelo lwesulfide
Ifomula eqhelekileyo yesakhiwo sedayi yile: D-SNa, equkethe inani elithile le-agent yokunciphisa, idayi iyancipha ngaphambili kwi-leptochroma e-soluble.
Ngaphambi kowe-1936, idayi evulnisiweyo yayikwimo yomgubo njengemo yorhwebo.Xa isetyenziswa, umgubo wedayi ovulziweyo wawufudunyezwa ukuze ubiliswe ngesisombululo esinamanzi sesoda evuzayo ukuyinyibilikisa.Ngo-1936, uJohn Le Clester wase-United States wenza idayi yesulfide encitshisiweyo ngaphambili encitshisiweyo, kwaye yafumana ipatent, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yidayi ye-liquid sulfide.
4, idayi yesulfide ehambelana nokusingqongileyo
Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, ihlanjululwe kwiintambo zedayi, kodwa umxholo wesulfure kunye nomxholo we-polysulfide uphantsi kakhulu kuneedayi ze-sulfide eziqhelekileyo.Idayi inobunyulu obuphezulu, isidanga sokunciphisa esizinzileyo kunye nokungena kakuhle.Ngelo xesha, i-agent yokunciphisa i-binary ye-glucose kunye ne-inshurensi ye-inshurensi isetyenziselwa ukuhlamba idayi, engakwazi ukunciphisa kuphela idayi ye-sulfide kodwa idlala indima ekukhuselweni kwendalo.
Okwesine, inkqubo yokudaya idayi yesulfide
Inkqubo yokudaya ivulcanization inokohlulwa ibe ngamanyathelo amane alandelayo:
1. Ukuncitshiswa kwedayi
Kulula ukunciphisa kunye nokunyibilikisa idayi ze-sulfide, kwaye i-sodium sulfide isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njenge-agent yokunciphisa, esebenza njenge-agent ye-alkali.Ukuze kuthintelwe i-leucophore ekubeni i-hydrolyzed, izinto ezifana nesoda ash zinokudibaniswa ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa i-alkaline yokunciphisa ibhafu ayinakomelela kakhulu, ngaphandle koko izinga lokunciphisa idayi liya kucotha.
2, idayi kwisisombululo sedayi ibhengezwa yifiber
I-leucophore yedayi ye-sulfide ikhona kwi-anion state kwisisombululo sedayi, ineepropathi ezithe ngqo kwifiber ye-cellulose, inokubhengezwa kumphezulu wefiber kwaye isasazwe ngaphakathi kwifiber yangaphakathi.Ipropati ethe ngqo yeedayi zesulfure kwimicu ye-cellulose iphantsi, ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa umlinganiselo omncinci wokuhlambela, ngelixa ukongeza i-electrolyte efanelekileyo, kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunokuphucula izinga lokudaya, ukulinganisa kunye nokungena.
3, unyango nge-oxidation
Emva kokudaya kwifiber, idayi yesulfure i-leuco kufuneka ifakwe i-oxidized ukubonisa umbala ofunekayo.I-oxidation linyathelo elibalulekileyo emva kokudaywa kweedayi ezivuthwe yivulcanized.Idayi ye-oxidized vulcanized ngokulula inokuthi ifakwe i-oxidized emoyeni emva kokudaya ngokuhlamba kunye nokukhupha umoya, oko kukuthi, indlela ye-air oxidation;Kwezinye iidayi ze-sulfide ezingelula ukuzikhupha, ii-oxidizing agents zisetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza i-oxidation.
4. Emva kokulungiswa
Unyango lwasemva lubandakanya ukucoca, i-oiling, i-anti-embrittlement kunye nokulungiswa kombala.Idayi zesulfure kufuneka zihlanjwe ngokupheleleyo emva kokudaya ukunciphisa isulfure eshiyekileyo kwilaphu kwaye kuthintelwe ukuqhekeka kwelaphu, kuba isulfure kwidayi kunye nesalfa kwi-alkali sulfide kulula ukuyikhupha emoyeni ukwenza iasidi yesulfuric, eya kubangela iasidi. i-hydrolysis ye-fiber cellulose kunye nokunciphisa amandla e-fiber brittleness.Ngoko ke, inokuphathwa nge-anti-brittleness loss agents, njenge: urea, i-trisodium phosphate, i-bone glue, i-acetate ye-sodium, njl. Ukuze kuphuculwe i-solarization kunye ne-soaping fastness ye-dayi e-vulcanized, umbala unokulungiswa emva kokudaya.Kukho iindlela ezimbini zonyango lokulungiswa kombala: unyango lwetyuwa yensimbi (njenge: potassium dichromate, i-copper sulfate, i-acetate yobhedu kunye nomxube wale tyuwa) kunye nonyango lwe-agent ye-cationic.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-19-2023