Iidayi ze-sulfide luhlobo lweedayi eziqulethe i-sulfur ezinesakhiwo esintsonkothileyo se-molecular. Ngokwesiqhelo zenziwe ngee-aromatic amines, ii-aminophenols kunye nezinye ii-organic compounds ezifudunyezwa nge-sulfur okanye i-sodium polysulfide, oko kukuthi, ezixutyiweyo.
Iidayi ze-sulfide azinyibiliki emanzini, kwaye xa zidaywa, kufuneka zinyibilikiswe kwi-sodium sulfide okanye kwisisombululo se-alkaline insurance powder ukuze zincitshiswe zibe yi-leaches, zize emva koko zi-oxidized ukuze zibonise umbala emva kokufunxwa kwefayibha.
Isishwankathelo sedayi yesalfure
Iidayi zeVulcanized zenziwe ukuze kudaywe ifayibha yeselilulose okokuqala ukusukela ngo-1873, kwaye inkqubo yazo yokuvelisa ilula kakhulu, ngokubanzi yenziwe ngee-aromatic amines okanye ii-phenolic compounds ezixutywe nesulfur okanye i-sodium polysulfide kwaye zifudunyezwe. Ixabiso eliphantsi, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, akukho lawulo lomhlaza, kunye nokukhawuleza kokuhlamba kunye nokukhawuleza kwelanga, yidayi ethandwayo. Nangona kunjalo, kuba luhlobo lweedayi ezinganyibiliki emanzini, xa zidaywa, zincitshiswa zibe yityuwa yesodium enyibilikayo kwisisombululo se-alkali sulfide, emva kokudaya ifayibha yomntu, emva kokuba i-oxidation ibe yimeko enganyibiliki ezinzileyo kwifayibha, ngoko ke inkqubo yokudaya iyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezinamandla ze-alkaline ayinakusetyenziswa kwi-wool, isilika kunye nezinye iifayibha zeproteni.
Ngoko ke, iidayi ezivulcanized zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekudayweni kweefayibha ze-cellulose, ngakumbi ekudayweni kweemveliso ezimnyama zelaphu lomqhaphu, apho imibala emibini yeedayi zeSulfide luhlobo lweedayi eziqulethe i-sulfur ezinesakhiwo esintsonkothileyo se-molecular. Ngokwesiqhelo zenziwe ngee-aromatic amines, ii-aminophenols kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezifudunyezwa yi-sulfur okanye i-sodium polysulfide, oko kukuthi, ezivulcanized.
Iidayi ze-sulfide azinyibiliki emanzini, kwaye xa zidaywa, kufuneka zinyibilikiswe kwi-sodium sulfide okanye kwisisombululo se-alkaline insurance powder ukuze zincitshiswe zibe yi-leaches, zize emva koko zi-oxidized ukuze zibonise umbala emva kokufunxwa kwefayibha.
Isishwankathelo sedayi yesalfure
Iidayi zeVulcanized zenziwe ukuze kudaywe ifayibha yeselilulose okokuqala ukusukela ngo-1873, kwaye inkqubo yazo yokuvelisa ilula kakhulu, ngokubanzi yenziwe ngee-aromatic amines okanye ii-phenolic compounds ezixutywe nesulfur okanye i-sodium polysulfide kwaye zifudunyezwe. Ixabiso eliphantsi, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, akukho lawulo lomhlaza, kunye nokukhawuleza kokuhlamba kunye nokukhawuleza kwelanga, yidayi ethandwayo. Nangona kunjalo, kuba luhlobo lweedayi ezinganyibiliki emanzini, xa zidaywa, zincitshiswa zibe yityuwa yesodium enyibilikayo kwisisombululo se-alkali sulfide, emva kokudaya ifayibha yomntu, emva kokuba i-oxidation ibe yimeko enganyibiliki ezinzileyo kwifayibha, ngoko ke inkqubo yokudaya iyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezinamandla ze-alkaline ayinakusetyenziswa kwi-wool, isilika kunye nezinye iifayibha zeproteni.
Ke ngoko, iidayi ezixutyiweyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekudayweni kweefayibha zeselulosi, ingakumbi ekudayweni kweemveliso ezimnyama zelaphu lomqhaphu, apho imibala eyahlukeneyoi-sulfur emnyamakwayeibhlowu yesalfure
idayi yesalfure emnyama emdaka
umbala obomvu wesalfure obomvu lgf
umbala omdaka wesalfure 10 omdaka otyheli
i-sulphur etyheli 2 umgubo otyheli
i-sulphur bordeaux 3b i-sulphur powder ebomvu
zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu.
Okwesibini, indlela yokudaya iidayi ze-sulfide
Idayi ye-sulfide iyancitshiswa ize inyibilike ibe yisisombululo sedayi, kwaye idayi ye-leucochroma eyenziweyo ifunxwa ziifayibha ze-cellulose kwaye inyangwe yi-oxidation yomoya ukuze iifayibha ze-cellulose zibonise umbala ofunekayo. Ifomyula yayo yempendulo yekhemikhali yi
DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3
Idayi ye-sulfide ayinayo i-affinity kwi-fiber, kwaye isakhiwo sayo siqulathe ii-sulfur bonds (1 S 1), ii-disulfide bonds (1 s — S) okanye ii-polysulfide bonds (1 Sx 1), ezincitshiswa zibe liqela le-hydrogen sulfide (1 SNa) phantsi kwesenzo se-sodium sulfide reducing agents, kwaye zibe yi-leucochromic sodium salt enyibilikayo emanzini. Isizathu sokuba ii-leucochromes zibe ne-affinity elungileyo kwi-cellulose fibers kukuba ii-molecules zedayi zikhulu, nto leyo evelisa amandla amakhulu e-van der Waals kunye ne-hydrogen bonding force phakathi kwee-fibers.
Iii. Ukwahlulwa kwedayi yesalfure
Iidayi ze-sulfide zingahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezine:
1, idayi ye-powder sulfide
Ifomula ngokubanzi yesakhiwo sedayi: DSSD, ngokubanzi kufuneka kusetyenziswe i-sodium sulfide ebilisayo, ichithwe emva kokusetyenziswa.
2, iidayi ze-hydrolytic sulfide
Ifomula eqhelekileyo yesakhiwo sedayi: D-SSO3Na, olu hlobo lwedayi lwenziwe nge-sodium sulfite okanye unyango lwe-sodium bisulfite lweedayi zemveli ze-sulfide, iidayi ziqulathe amaqela anyibilikayo emanzini, ngoko ke ziyanyibilika emanzini, kodwa idayi ayinazo izinto zokunciphisa, akukho buhlobo kwiifayibha, ngokubanzi yamkelwe indlela yokudaya i-suspension pad esetyenziswa kwilaphu.
3, idayi ye-sulfide engamanzi
Ifomyula eqhelekileyo yesakhiwo sedayi yile: D-SNa, equlethe isixa esithile se-reducing agent, idayi incitshiswa kwangaphambili ibe yi-leptochroma enyibilikayo.
Ngaphambi kowe-1936, idayi evulcanized yayikwimo yepowder njengeyentengiso. Xa isetyenziswa, idayi evulcanized powder yayifudunyezwa ukuze ibiliswe ngesisombululo samanzi esivulcanized, i-soda aqueous ukuze inyibilike. Ngowe-1936, uJohn Le Clester wase-United States wenza isisombululo esiqinileyo sedayi ye-sulfide esilungisiweyo, waza wafumana ilungelo lobunikazi, ngoku elibizwa ngokuba yidayi ye-sulfide engamanzi.
4, idayi ye-sulfide enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo
Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, ihlanjululwa ibe zii-leaches zedayi, kodwa umxholo wesalfure kunye nomxholo we-polysulfide uphantsi kakhulu kunowedayi eqhelekileyo ye-sulfide. Idayi inobunyulu obuphezulu, inqanaba lokunciphisa elizinzileyo kunye nokuvuleka okuhle. Kwangaxeshanye, i-binary reducing agent ye-glucose kunye ne-inshurensi powder isetyenziswa kwi-dye bath, engenakuncitshisa idayi ye-sulfide kuphela kodwa ikwadlala indima ekukhuseleni okusingqongileyo.
Okwesine, inkqubo yokudaya iidayi ze-sulfide
Inkqubo yokudaya i-vulcanization inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanyathelo amane alandelayo:
1. Ukunciphisa iidayi
Kulula kakhulu ukunciphisa nokunyibilikisa iidayi ze-sulfide, kwaye i-sodium sulfide isetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-reducing agent, esebenza njenge-alkali agent. Ukuze kuthintelwe i-leucophore ekubeni ingabi yi-hydrolyzed, izinto ezifana ne-soda ash zingongezwa ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa i-reducing bath alkaline ayinakuba namandla kakhulu, kungenjalo izinga lokunciphisa idayi liya kucotha.
2, idayi ekwisisombululo sedayi ifunxwa yifayibha
I-leucophore yedayi ye-sulfide ikhona kwimeko ye-anion kwisisombululo sedayi, ineempawu ezithe ngqo kwi-cellulose fiber, inokufunxwa kumphezulu wefayibha kwaye isasazeke ngaphakathi kwifayibha. Ipropati ethe ngqo yedayi ye-sulphur kwi-cellulose fibers iphantsi, ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa umlinganiselo omncinci wokuhlamba, ngelixa ukongeza ii-electrolytes ezifanelekileyo, kubushushu obuphezulu kunokuphucula izinga lokudaya, ukulingana kunye nokuvuleka.
3, unyango lwe-oxidation
Emva kokudaywa kwifayibha, idayi yesulfure leuco kufuneka i-oxidized ukuze ibonise umbala ofunekayo. I-oxidation linyathelo elibalulekileyo emva kokudaywa kweedayi ezi-vulcanized. Idayi e-vulcanized e-oxidized lula inokudaywa ngumoya emva kokudaywa ngokuhlamba nangokuphefumla, oko kukuthi, indlela yokudaywa komoya; Kwezinye iidayi ze-sulfide ezingelulanga ukuzidaywa, ii-oxidizing agents zisetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza i-oxidation.
4. Ukulungiswa emva kokulungiswa
Emva konyango kuquka ukucoca, ukugalela ioyile, ukungaqhekeki kunye nokulungisa umbala. Iidayi zesalfure kufuneka zihlanjwe ngokupheleleyo emva kokudaya ukuze kuncitshiswe isalfure eseleyo kwilaphu kwaye kuthintelwe ukuba buthathaka kwelaphu, kuba isalfure edayini kunye nesalfure ekwi-alkali sulfide kulula ukuyigaya emoyeni ukuze kuveliswe i-sulfuric acid, eya kubangela i-acid hydrolysis ye-cellulose fiber kwaye inciphise amandla obuthathaka befayibha. Ke ngoko, inokunyangwa ngee-anti-brittleness loss agents, ezinje: urea, trisodium phosphate, bone glue, sodium acetate, njl. Ukuze kuphuculwe i-solarization kunye nokuqina kwesepha yeedayi ezivulcanized, umbala ungalungiswa emva kokudaya. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zonyango lokulungisa umbala: unyango lwetyuwa yesinyithi (ezinje: i-potassium dichromate, i-copper sulfate, i-copper acetate kunye nomxube wezi tyuwa) kunye nonyango lwe-cationic color fixing agent.
Umnyama kunye noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ovundisiweyo zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu.
Okwesibini, indlela yokudaya iidayi ze-sulfide
Idayi ye-sulfide iyancitshiswa ize inyibilike ibe yisisombululo sedayi, kwaye idayi ye-leucochroma eyenziweyo ifunxwa ziifayibha ze-cellulose kwaye inyangwe yi-oxidation yomoya ukuze iifayibha ze-cellulose zibonise umbala ofunekayo. Ifomyula yayo yempendulo yekhemikhali yi
DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3
Idayi ye-sulfide ayinayo i-affinity kwi-fiber, kwaye isakhiwo sayo siqulathe ii-sulfur bonds (1 S 1), ii-disulfide bonds (1 s — S) okanye ii-polysulfide bonds (1 Sx 1), ezincitshiswa zibe liqela le-hydrogen sulfide (1 SNa) phantsi kwesenzo se-sodium sulfide reducing agents, kwaye zibe yi-leucochromic sodium salt enyibilikayo emanzini. Isizathu sokuba ii-leucochromes zibe ne-affinity elungileyo kwi-cellulose fibers kukuba ii-molecules zedayi zikhulu, nto leyo evelisa amandla amakhulu e-van der Waals kunye ne-hydrogen bonding force phakathi kwee-fibers.
Iii. Ukwahlulwa kwedayi yesalfure
Iidayi ze-sulfide zingahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezine:
1, idayi ye-powder sulfide
Ifomula ngokubanzi yesakhiwo sedayi: DSSD, ngokubanzi kufuneka kusetyenziswe i-sodium sulfide ebilisayo, ichithwe emva kokusetyenziswa.
2, iidayi ze-hydrolytic sulfide
Ifomula eqhelekileyo yesakhiwo sedayi: D-SSO3Na, olu hlobo lwedayi lwenziwe nge-sodium sulfite okanye unyango lwe-sodium bisulfite kwiidayi ze-sulfide zemveli, iidayi ziqulathe amaqela anyibilikayo emanzini, ngoko ke ziyanyibilika emanzini, kodwa idayi ayinazo izinto zokunciphisa, akukho buhlobo kwiifayibha, indlela yokudaya i-suspension pad esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwilaphu.3, idayi ye-sulfide engamanzi
Ifomyula eqhelekileyo yesakhiwo sedayi yile: D-SNa, equlethe isixa esithile se-reducing agent, idayi incitshiswa kwangaphambili ibe yi-leptochroma enyibilikayo.
Ngaphambi kowe-1936, idayi evulcanized yayikwimo yepowder njengeyentengiso. Xa isetyenziswa, idayi evulcanized powder yayifudunyezwa ukuze ibiliswe ngesisombululo samanzi esivulcanized, i-soda aqueous ukuze inyibilike. Ngowe-1936, uJohn Le Clester wase-United States wenza isisombululo esiqinileyo sedayi ye-sulfide esilungisiweyo, waza wafumana ilungelo lobunikazi, ngoku elibizwa ngokuba yidayi ye-sulfide engamanzi.
4, idayi ye-sulfide enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo
Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, ihlanjululwa ibe zii-leaches zedayi, kodwa umxholo wesalfure kunye nomxholo we-polysulfide uphantsi kakhulu kunowedayi eqhelekileyo ye-sulfide. Idayi inobunyulu obuphezulu, inqanaba lokunciphisa elizinzileyo kunye nokuvuleka okuhle. Kwangaxeshanye, i-binary reducing agent ye-glucose kunye ne-inshurensi powder isetyenziswa kwi-dye bath, engenakuncitshisa idayi ye-sulfide kuphela kodwa ikwadlala indima ekukhuseleni okusingqongileyo.
Okwesine, inkqubo yokudaya iidayi ze-sulfide
Inkqubo yokudaya i-vulcanization inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanyathelo amane alandelayo:
1. Ukunciphisa iidayi
Kulula kakhulu ukunciphisa nokunyibilikisa iidayi ze-sulfide, kwaye i-sodium sulfide isetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-reducing agent, esebenza njenge-alkali agent. Ukuze kuthintelwe i-leucophore ekubeni ingabi yi-hydrolyzed, izinto ezifana ne-soda ash zingongezwa ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa i-reducing bath alkaline ayinakuba namandla kakhulu, kungenjalo izinga lokunciphisa idayi liya kucotha.
2, idayi ekwisisombululo sedayi ifunxwa yifayibha
I-leucophore yedayi ye-sulfide ikhona kwimeko ye-anion kwisisombululo sedayi, ineempawu ezithe ngqo kwi-cellulose fiber, inokufunxwa kumphezulu wefayibha kwaye isasazeke ngaphakathi kwifayibha. Ipropati ethe ngqo yedayi ye-sulphur kwi-cellulose fibers iphantsi, ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa umlinganiselo omncinci wokuhlamba, ngelixa ukongeza ii-electrolytes ezifanelekileyo, kubushushu obuphezulu kunokuphucula izinga lokudaya, ukulingana kunye nokuvuleka.
3, unyango lwe-oxidation
Emva kokudaywa kwifayibha, idayi yesulfure leuco kufuneka i-oxidized ukuze ibonise umbala ofunekayo. I-oxidation linyathelo elibalulekileyo emva kokudaywa kweedayi ezi-vulcanized. Idayi e-vulcanized e-oxidized lula inokudaywa ngumoya emva kokudaywa ngokuhlamba nangokuphefumla, oko kukuthi, indlela yokudaywa komoya; Kwezinye iidayi ze-sulfide ezingelulanga ukuzidaywa, ii-oxidizing agents zisetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza i-oxidation.
4. Ukulungiswa emva kokulungiswa
Emva konyango kuquka ukucoca, ukugalela ioyile, ukungaqhekeki kunye nokulungisa umbala. Iidayi zesalfure kufuneka zihlanjwe ngokupheleleyo emva kokudaya ukuze kuncitshiswe isalfure eseleyo kwilaphu kwaye kuthintelwe ukuba buthathaka kwelaphu, kuba isalfure edayini kunye nesalfure ekwi-alkali sulfide kulula ukuyigaya emoyeni ukuze kuveliswe i-sulfuric acid, eya kubangela i-acid hydrolysis ye-cellulose fiber kwaye inciphise amandla obuthathaka befayibha. Ke ngoko, inokunyangwa ngee-anti-brittleness loss agents, ezinje: urea, trisodium phosphate, bone glue, sodium acetate, njl. Ukuze kuphuculwe i-solarization kunye nokuqina kwesepha yeedayi ezivulcanized, umbala ungalungiswa emva kokudaya. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zonyango lokulungisa umbala: unyango lwetyuwa yesinyithi (ezinje: i-potassium dichromate, i-copper sulfate, i-copper acetate kunye nomxube wezi tyuwa) kunye nonyango lwe-cationic color fixing agent.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Disemba-19-2023